{"id":2538,"date":"2022-04-08T10:24:35","date_gmt":"2022-04-08T10:24:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nakshaa.in\/?page_id=2538"},"modified":"2022-05-05T15:56:50","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T15:56:50","slug":"topographical-survey","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/nakshaa.in\/index.php\/topographical-survey\/","title":{"rendered":"TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2538\" class=\"elementor elementor-2538\" data-elementor-settings=\"[]\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0021ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0021ee\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-thegem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9cf24f4\" data-id=\"9cf24f4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08661af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"08661af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.5.5 - 03-02-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#818a91;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#818a91;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><strong>TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>map is prepared according to a scale of 1 cm to 1 km (i.e. 1\/100,000).<\/li><\/ul><p>The topographic survey involves determining the horizontal and vertical locations of objects on the surface of the earth. Horizontal location entails locating objects like roads, railways, ponds, houses, boundaries of properties etc. by measuring horizontal distances the objects are indicated by symbols.<\/p><p>Vertical location includes the location of hills, valleys, depressions, benchmarks, etc. by measuring vertical distances the objects, in this case are represented in relief.<\/p><ul><li>Thus, a topographic map shows the nature of the earth surface along with the positions of different objects.<\/li><li>Such a map is essential for the engineering projects involving roads, railways, irrigation, reservoirs, townships etc.<\/li><li>The scale of a topographic map depends on the extent of area it covers, and the purpose for which it is to be prepared.<\/li><\/ul><p>Generally topographic<\/p><p><strong>Representation of Relief<\/strong><\/p><p>From the general map of a country, only the positions of objects can be found out, angles of the traverse. The lengths of traverse legs are measured accurately by using the total station if the area is extensive; it is divided into a number of sectors. Each sector is enclosed by a closed traverse having a proper connection with the other sectors (it is ensured sectors have that the common sides).<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Location of objects<\/strong><\/p><p>In the case of a triangulation survey, the objects are located by taking offsets with respect to the survey lines. The offsets are noted in a field book, maintaining a proper sequence of survey lines (AB, BC, CD). Then a map is prepared by plotting field records according to a suitable scale.<\/p><p>In the case of total station traversing, first, the traverse is plotted to a suitable scale by the coordinate method (on the basis of latitude and departure) and then the objects are located on the map by plane table by radial and intersection methods or by the total station. If the objects are located by the transit-and-tape method, a field book has to be entered while measuring the traverse legs. In this case, the plotting is done afterward.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1f3a024\" data-id=\"1f3a024\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f52f799 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f52f799\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.5.5 - 03-02-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"256\" src=\"https:\/\/nakshaa.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/WhatsApp-Image-2022-04-06-at-8.13.57-PM-6.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nakshaa.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/WhatsApp-Image-2022-04-06-at-8.13.57-PM-6.jpeg 512w, https:\/\/nakshaa.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/WhatsApp-Image-2022-04-06-at-8.13.57-PM-6-300x150.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY: map is prepared according to a scale of 1 cm to 1 km (i.e. 1\/100,000). The topographic survey&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nakshaa.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2538"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nakshaa.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nakshaa.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nakshaa.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nakshaa.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2538"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/nakshaa.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2538\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4884,"href":"https:\/\/nakshaa.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2538\/revisions\/4884"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nakshaa.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2538"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}